ABSTRACT
Desde la aparición de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2, la población pediátrica ha sido menos afectada por la enfermedad tanto en frecuencia como en severidad. Sin embargo, desde abril de este año se han reportado casos de presentación y gravedad variables, caracterizados por fenómenos inflamato rios que afectan múltiples órganos, condición denominada Síndrome Inflamatorio Multisistémico Pediátrico (PIMS). La literatura describe frecuente compromiso cardíaco, hasta en un 80%. Este se caracteriza por injuria miocárdica con significativa elevación de biomarcadores: Troponinas séricas I/T, BNP o NT-ProBNP, unido a diversos grados de disfunción ventricular, pericarditis, valvulitis y arritmias. Además, se ha evidenciado la presencia de compromiso coronario el cual puede ocurrir hasta en un 23% de los casos, en un rango que va desde dilataciones hasta aneurismas. El seguimien to cardiológico hospitalizado y ambulatorio se ha sistematizado en base a los fenotipos clínicos de presentación: injuria miocárdica (miocarditis, valvulitis, pericarditis), shock (habitualmente de tipo "vasopléjico"), manifestaciones tipo Enfermedad de Kawasaki y aquellos casos PIMS que no cumplen con la clínica de los tres precedentes. Este último grupo es el que representa el mayor desafío en el cor to, mediano y seguimiento a largo plazo. Por esta razón se requiere un equipo multidisciplinario para su manejo. Considerando la alta frecuencia del compromiso cardíaco en el PIMS y la importancia de lograr un consenso en su manejo y seguimiento, se presentan estas recomendaciones según el estado actual del conocimiento de esta patología recientemente descrita.
Since the onset of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the pediatric population has been less affected by the disease both in frequency and severity. However, since April cases of variable presentation and severity characterized by inflammatory phenomena that affect multiple organs have been reported, a condition called Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C). The literature has reported frequent cardiac involvement, up to 80%. This is characterized by myocardial injury with a significant increase of biomarkers such as serum troponins I and T, BNP, or NT-ProBNP coupled with varying degrees of ventricular dysfunction, pericarditis, valvulitis, and arrhythmias. Coronary compromise has also been described, which can occur in up to 23% of cases, and ranges from dila tations to aneurysms. Inpatient and outpatient cardiology follow-up has been systematized based on the clinical phenotypes such as myocardial injury (myocarditis, valvulitis, pericarditis), shock (usua lly vasoplegic), Kawasaki disease-type manifestations, and those MIS-C that do not comply with the clinic of the previous three. This last group represents the main challenge in the short-, medium- and long-term follow-up, therefore, it is necessary a multidisciplinary team for managing these patients. Considering the high frequency of cardiac compromise in MIS-C, and the importance of reaching a consensus regarding its management and follow-up, we present these recommendations according to the current state of knowledge regarding this recently described pathology.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Cardiovascular Diseases/virology , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/therapy , COVID-19/therapy , Patient Care Team/organization & administration , Shock/therapy , Shock/virology , Biomarkers/metabolism , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis , Cardiovascular Diseases/therapy , Chile , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/diagnosis , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/physiopathology , COVID-19/diagnosis , COVID-19/physiopathology , Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/therapy , Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/virologyABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: La tetralogía de Fallot (TF) es la cardiopatía congénita cianótica más frecuente. La insuficiencia pulmonar (IP) y dilatación del ventrículo derecho (VD) son las complicaciones más frecuentes a largo plazo. La resonancia magnética cardiaca (RMC) es el "gold standard" para la evaluación del VD. OBJETIVO: Analizar la información obtenida de las RMC en el seguimiento de pacientes con TF. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Se incluyeron RMC realizadas entre 2007 y 2012 a pacientes con TF, reparados con parche transanular (PTA) o ampliación infundibular (AInf) y sin recambio valvular pulmonar (RVP). La fracción de regurgitación pulmonar (FRP), el volumen y función ventricular fueron evaluados. RESULTADOS: Se realizaron 122 RMC a 114 pacientes. Edad promedio al examen 15,4 ± 7,4 años. 53,3% presentó IP severa (> 40%). La media del volumen de fin de diástole del VD (VFDVD) fue 157,3 ± 38,6 ml/m2, fin de sístole (VFSVD) de 85,3 ± 27 ml/m2 y fracción de eyección (FEVD) 46,4 ± 7,1%. 48,4% presentaba un VFDVD mayor de 150 ml/m2 y el 32,8% mayor a 170 ml/ m2. El PTA se relacionó con mayores volúmenes de VD que la AInf. VFDVD mayor a 170 ml/m2 mostraron peor FEVD (FEVD 47,9 ± 7% vs 43,2 ± 6,4%, p < 0,01). DISCUSIÓN: Casi la mitad mostró una significativa dilatación del VD demostrando que la indicación de RMC es tardía en el seguimiento. El PTA se asoció con mayores VFDVD y VFSVD pero no a peor FEVD.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is the most frequent cyanotic congenital heart disease. Pulmonary regurgitation (PR) and right ventricle (RV) enlargement and dysfunction are the most common long-term complications. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is the gold standard for RV evaluation. OBJECTIVE: To analyze CMR results in the follow-up of TOF patients. PATIENTS AND METHOD: All CMR performed between 2007 and 2012 in TOF patients with transannular patch (TAP) repair or infundibular widening, and without pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) were included. Pulmonary regurgitant fraction (PRF), ventricular end-diastolic (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV), and ejection fraction (EF) were examined. RESULTS: 122 CMR were performed in 114 patients. Average age at CMR was 15.4±7.4 years. 53.3% of them presented severe PR (> 40%). RVEDV was 157.3 ± 38.6 ml/m2, RVESV was 85.3 ± 27 ml/m2 and RVEF was 46.4 ± 7.1%. RVEDV was > 150 ml/ m2 in 48.4% and > 170 ml/m2 in 32.8% of patients. Patients with TAP showed larger RV volumes compared with those with infundibular widening. RVEDV > 170 ml/m2 showed worse RVEF that those with lower RVEDV (47.9 ± 7% vs 43.2 ± 6.4%, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Almost half of the pa tients showed significant RV enlargement, demonstrating that the indication of CMR is late in their follow-up. TAP was associated with higher RVEDV and RVESV, but no worse RVEF.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Postoperative Complications/diagnostic imaging , Tetralogy of Fallot/surgery , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/diagnostic imaging , Ventricular Dysfunction, Right/diagnostic imaging , Tetralogy of Fallot/diagnostic imaging , Retrospective Studies , Follow-Up Studies , Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/etiology , Ventricular Dysfunction, Right/etiologyABSTRACT
Antecedentes: La corrección de las Cardiopatías Congénitas (CC) tiene como fin mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes portadores de ellas, pero no existen en nuestro medio estudios sobre ésta, ni su comparación con niños sanos. Objetivos: Estudiarla calidad de vida de los CC, objetivando tres áreas, en tres grupos de pacientes de complejidad diferente, y compararlos con un grupo sano. Método: Se escogieron 4 grupos de niños del área sur oriente de Santiago; 3 grupos de CC: comunicación interventricular (CIV), Tetralogía de Fallot(T4F), Ventrículo único (VU), y un grupo de niños sanos (S). Se sometieron a encuesta de calidad de vida ellos y sus padres, se evaluaron tres áreas especificas; actividad escolar, actividades cotidianas (actividad física y generales) y vida familiar. Se objetivó capacidad física con Test de Esfuerzo (TE), con protocolo de Bruce modificado, en todos. El análisis estadístico incluyó análisis de varianza y chi cuadrado. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 65 niños, 12 con CIV, 18 con T4F, 15 con VU,y 20 sanos. Treinta y cuatro de ellos son hombres (52 por ciento). En escolaridad no existen diferencias significativas en edad/curso, promedio de notas (5.7), repetición (24.8 por ciento), en percepción de notas y rendimiento escolar los pacientes con VU tanto ellos como sus padres perciben peor rendimiento que sus pares. Con relación a actividades físicas generales el TE reveló concordancia con percepción cualitativa y diferencias de rendimientos de acuerdo a la gravedad de la patología, estadísticamente significativa sólo VU en esfuerzos mayores (S: 11:75min CIV: 12:2min, T4F:10min y VU: 7:3min). Con relación a actividades cotidianas, no perciben limitación de la vida diaria en forma significativa, excepto en algunas actividades, los pacientes con VU. Los padres de niños con CC tienen percepción de mayor limitación. Con relación a la vida familiar no hay diferencias significativas entre los 4 grupos...
Background: Surgical correction of congenital heart diseases (CHD) intends to improve quality of life (QL) in affected patients. In Chile this aspect has not been objectively evaluated, especially through comparison with normal children. Aim: to compare the quality of life in three groups of CHD patients with that of normal controls. Three aspects of QL were evaluated. Methods: three groups of patients with CHD (Ventricular septal defect, Tetralogy of Fallot, Single Ventricle) were compared to a group of healthy children from the south east area of Santiago. A standard QL questionnaire was used to evaluate school performance, physical and general daily activities and family life . A treadmill test with a modified Bruce protocol was used to evaluate physical capacity Results: There were 12 patients in the VSD, 12 in the Fallot, 15 in the Single Ventricle and 20 in the normal groups. 52 percent were males. Age at each school level, school performance (grades and failure rates) were similar across groups except for a lower performance in patients with Single Ventricle. Physical capacity (duration of stress test) was lower in patients with Single Ventricle (7.3 min average) compared to normal (11.75min), VSD (12.2min) and Tetralogy of Fallot (10.0 min). The results of these test correlated with subjective performance of physical capacity. Similarly patients with Single Ventricle perceived a greater limitation for daily activities (60 percent) compared to VSD (100 percent), Fallot's (89 percent) and healthy controls (89 percent). In general, parents of CHD patients perceived a greater limitation compared to their children. Family life was not different among groups. Conclusions: The perception of QL in these patients with corrected CHD did not differ compared to healthy controls. Objective evaluation showed a lower physical capacity in patients with a more severe type of CHD.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Heart Defects, Congenital/psychology , Quality of Life , Data Collection , Educational Status , Family Relations , Motor ActivityABSTRACT
Background: Cardiac tumors are very uncommon at all ages. There are important clinical differences between children and adults in the behavior of these tumors. Aim: To compare the behavior of primary and secondary cardiac tumors, from fetal age to adults. Patients and Method: Multicentric retrospective analysis of 38 children and adults with cardiac tumors, evaluated with echocardiography between January 1995 and August 2001. Medical records, echocardiographic and radiological examinations, surgical protocols and pathologic examinations were reviewed. Follow-up was obtained through data on medical records or calling patients by telephone. Results: Tumors were diagnosed in 38 patients (13 children and 25 adults), from a total of 31.800 echocardiograms. In children the diagnosis was made by fetal, transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography in 23.6 percent and 8 percent of cases, respectively. Eighty five percent were primary (10 benign and 1 malignant) and 15 percent, secondary tumors. Fifty four percent were rhabdomyomas and 75 percent regressed spontaneously. Seventy seven percent were symptomatic and 31 percent were treated with surgery. During a follow up of 44±35 months, 31 percent of patients died. In adults, 76 percent of tumors were diagnosed by transthoracic and 20 percent by transesophageal echocardiography. Seventy six percent were primary (18 benign and 1 malignant) and 24 percent secondary tumors. Fifty six percent were myxomas. Ninety two percent were symptomatic and 84 percent were treated surgically. Twenty percent of patients died in the early postoperative period. No adult patients had a follow-up. Conclusions: Rhabdomyomas were solely found in children. In adults, myxomas are the predominat cardiac tumors. Primary and metastasic malignant tumors are observed both in children and in adults.